Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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Subject: Middle East and Islamic Studies
Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson.
With Roger Allen, Edith Ambros, Thomas Bauer, Johann Büssow, Ruth Davis, Ahmed El Shamsy, Maribel Fierro, Najam Haider, Konrad Hirschler, Nico Kaptein, Alexander Knysh, Corinne Lefèvre, Scott Levi, Roman Loimeier, Daniela Meneghini, Negin Nabavi, M'hamed Oualdi, D. Fairchild Ruggles, Ignacio Sánchez, and Ayman Shihadeh.
The Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam is an entirely new work, which sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World and reflects the great diversity of current scholarship. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live. The new scope includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in the twentieth century and of Muslim minorities all over the world.
Ḥabāʾib in Southeast Asia
(1,820 words)
Ḥabāʾib (Ar. sing.
ḥabīb; Indonesian sing.
habib), which literally means the “beloveds,” is an honorific used to address and refer to the descendants of the Prophet Muḥammad (
sāda) in the Ḥaḍramawt valley of southern Arabia,
Southeast Asia, and the Swahili coast of East Africa. In particular, the term is used to refer to the Bā ʿAlawī (Children of ʿAlawī), that is, a
sāda lineage that traces its descent to ʿAlawī b. ʿUbaydallāh (d. at the beginning of the fifth/eleventh century), whose grandfather, Aḥmad b. ʿĪsā (d. 345/956) is said to have first migrated …
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib al-Marwazī
(1,661 words)
Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh
Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib al-Marwazī (fl. third/ninth century) was a brilliant mathematician (the name al-Ḥāsib means “the calculator”) and astronomer active during the period of the great blossoming of the sciences under the patronage of the ʿAbbāsids. Born in Merv, he lived in Baghdad, Damascus, and Samarrāʾ (sometime after the founding of the city in 221/836) during the reigns of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs al-Maʾmūn (198–218/813–33) and al-Muʿtaṣim (218–27/833–42). According to Ibn al-Nadīm (
al-Fihrist, 275), he lived to an age of more than a hundred, …
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥabīballāh Khān
(1,339 words)
Ḥabīballāh (Ḥabībullāh)
Khān (1872–1919) was son of the
amīr ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (r. 1880–1901) and a slave girl from the court of Jahāndār Shāh, the
mīr
(amīr) of Badakhshān (r. 1864–9). He succeeded ʿAbd al-Raḥmān and ruled Afghanistan from 3 October 1901 to 20 February 1919, when he was assassinated at Kalla-gūsh, in Laghmān. Ḥabīballāh Khān inherited a functioning administrative and military system. His first official communications indicated the young
amīr’s intention to continue the isolationist policies of his father: In order to shield his country from foreign…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī
(1,272 words)
Ḥabīb b. Maslama al-Fihrī, a brilliant general and close ally of the caliph Muʿāwiya, belonged to the Quraysh tribe, more precisely, to the Muḥārib b. Fihr branch of Quraysh. He played a major role in the conquest of the Jazīra and Armenia. His raids on Byzantine territory earned him the nickname Ḥabīb al-Rūm, “Ḥabīb of the Byzantines,” which can also be understood, ironically, as “the beloved one of the Byzantines.” The agreements of capitulation that he concluded with the people of Tiflīs (Tbilis…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Habsi
(726 words)
Habsi (Ḥabsī)/Hasbi (Ḥasbī), Gedizli or Geduzi (Gedūzī, “of Geduz”) was a pen name of an Ottoman poet (d. after 960/1553) whose real name, date of birth, and year of death are unknown. He was born in Geduz (Gediz), in the principality of Germiyan (Kütahya), where he received his
medrese (madrasa) education. After moving to Istanbul, where his elder brother, the better-known poet Keşfi (Keşfī), had been living for years, he first wrote poems under the pen name Habsi. The available biographical data introduce him as a tragic figure. Spending muc…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Hacı Bayram-ı Veli
(2,959 words)
Hacı Bayram-ı Veli (Ḥāccī Bayrām-ı Velī) (749?-833/1348?-1430) was the founder of the (Bayrāmī)
tarika (
ṭarīqa, lit., “way,” i.e., Ṣūfī order), which inspired the later (Melāmī) order (formed shortly after Hacı Bayram’s death, and whose members have worn since the origin the normal clothes of their day, and are followers of the doctrine of the “oneness of being”
(waḥdat al-wujūd) going back to the teachings of the famous mystic of Andalusian origin Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240 in Damscus). There are no extant sources from his period that refer to him, and w…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥaddād, Fuʾād
(626 words)
Fuʾād Ḥaddād (1927–85) was a poet who wrote in colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Born in Cairo to a Lebanese father, he was well versed in Classical Arabic and the colloquial traditions and was educated in French. He was instrumental in the birth of
shiʿr al-ʿāmmiyya al-miṣriyya, a movement of poetry in the Egyptian colloquial dialect that veered away from the poetics of
zajal, a traditional form of colloquial verse, and moved towards that of the contemporaneous modernist Arabic poetry. Ṣalāḥ Jāhīn (d. 1986), another pioneer of
shiʿr al-ʿāmmiyya, whose first anthology was published in …
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Hadice Turhan Sultan
(1,052 words)
Hadice Turhan Sultan (Khadīja ṭurkhān Sulṭān) (d. 10 Şaban (Shaʿbān) 1094/4 August 1683) was the favourite consort, or
haseki (khāṣekī), of the Ottoman sultan İbrahim (İbrāhīm) I (r. 1049–58/1640–8) and the mother of Sultan Mehmed (Meḥmed) IV (r. 1058–99/1648–87). There are no records of her early life prior to entering the Ottoman harem, but she was most likely captured during a slave raid into the Russian steppes and entered the harem of Sultan İbrahim in 1049/1640, when she was approximately twelve years old. A…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Hadım Süleyman Paşa
(683 words)
Hadim Süleyman (Khādim Süleymān)
Paşa (c. 861–954/1457–1547) was an Ottoman admiral and statesman under Sultan Süleyman (Süleymān) I (r. 926–74/1520–66). The sobriquet
hadim (
khādim, literally, “servant”) indicates that he was a palace eunuch. Most available sources claim that he was
Macar (
Mācār, Hungarian), although he would have been enslaved and castrated before the Ottoman absorption of southern Hungary in 948/1541. He may have been captured from forces allied with the Habsburg Empire during the conquests of Mehmed (Meḥmed) II (r.…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥadīth
(6,543 words)
Ḥadīth (Ar. lit., speech, narrative, pl.
aḥādīth) is the technical term for Muslim Tradition about the exemplary practice of the prophet Muḥammad, enshrined in his words
(aqwāl, sing.
qawl) and deeds
(afʿāl, sing.
fiʿl) and his tacit approval
(taqrīr) of his Companions’ words and deeds (for a more detailed nomenclature, see al-Ḥākim,
Madkhal, 81).
Ḥadīth is also each individual tradition about what the Prophet said, did, or tacitly approved. In contrast to the ontological status of the Qurʾān as God’s uncreated
(qadīm) speech,
ḥadīth—the substantive form of the adjective “new”…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥadīth commentary
(3,464 words)
Ḥadīth
commentary
(sharḥ al-ḥadīth, pl.
shurūḥ al-ḥadīth, or, more rarely,
tafsīr al-ḥadīth or
taʾwīl al-ḥadīth) is the practice of interpreting a report or a collection of reports attributed to Muḥammad, his Companions, exemplars amongst the early generations of Muslims, or, for Shīʿīs, the Imāms. Construed broadly, the term could include any formal or informal oral or written gloss on a given
ḥadīth. Narrowly defined, the practice of
ḥadīth commentary refers to a cumulative and transregional tradition of line-by-line Muslim scholarly exegesis on individual
ḥadīth and
ḥadīth co…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥadīth criticism
(5,063 words)
In
ḥadīth criticism the discipline of
al-jarḥ wa-l-taʿdīl (impugning and accrediting) is aimed at evaluating the uprightness (
ʿadāla) of transmitters (
rijāl, lit. “men”) populating the chains of transmission (
isnād, pl.
asānīd) of Muslim traditions (
ḥadīth, pl.
aḥādīth). If the
isnād is the genealogical tree of
ḥadīth, then the evaluation of transmitters can be seen as an extension into the science of
ḥadīth of the traditional genealogical pursuits of the Arabs, with added legal, theological, sectarian, political, literary, and ethnic concerns. Closely re…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥadīth, Ibāḍism
(2,237 words)
Like other Muslims,
Ibāḍīs have long employed
ḥadīth (in the general sense of what was related about the Prophet and his community) in seeking to understand how Islam should be understood and practised (Wilkinson,
Ibāḍism, 126). Up to the sixth/twelfth century, however, Ibāḍīs preserved attitudes towards
ḥadīth that, on the one hand, remained closer to earlier Islamic approaches to it, but, on the other hand, increasingly diverged from Sunnī and later Shīʿī norms concerning
ḥadīth. Since the sixth/twelfth century, Ibāḍīs have progressively adopted Sunnī standards for
ḥadīth. This…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥadīth qudsī
(3,643 words)
Ḥadīth qudsī (plur.
aḥādīth qudsiyya, lit., holy tradition; also
ḥadīth ilāhī,
ḥadīth rabbānī, plur.
aḥādīth ilāhiyya/rabbāniyya, lit., divine tradition;
khabar, report, plur.
akhbār, sometimes used instead of
ḥadīth) designates a direct-discourse statement ascribed to God—hence the preferred translation “divine saying”—that is not from the Qurʾān but is reported normally in
ḥadīth format, with supporting
isnād (chain of transmitters), on the authority of the prophet Muḥammad. A divine saying is distinguished formally from a Qurʾānic revelation and…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Hadiyya (Ethiopia)
(673 words)
The
Hadiyya of
Ethiopia was a political entity belonging to the Muslim federation of Adal and inhabiting a large territory in southeastern Ethiopia between the seventh/thirteenth and the tenth/sixteenth centuries. The Hadiyya consisted of Cushitic- and Semitic-speaking ethnic groups who shared several cultural features, such as a strong Islamic influence and an agropastoralist economy. The groups that are presently labelled Hadiyya proper are part of the Highland East Cushitic cluster and are relat…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥaḍra in Ṣūfism
(1,050 words)
Ḥaḍra in Ṣūfism is generally translated as Presence—that is, it is capitalised to indicate the divine locus of the Ṣūfī’s mystical goal. The word also refers to the culminating moment in the sacred conclave of the Ṣūfī order (Ar.
ṭarīqa, lit., way), in which the devotees go through a transcending experience. Meanings associated with the word therefore range from the theological implications of the mystical encounter to the socially cohesive experience of attending to spiritual realities with other like-minded seekers. It was given it…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥaḍramī diaspora in Southeast Asia
(1,105 words)
Members of the Arab
Ḥaḍramī diaspora in Southeast Asia, particularly those who settled in the Malay world, originally migrated from Ḥaḍramawt in southern Yemen, where they were influenced by push factors such as poverty, drought, and political disturbance, and pull factors, such as trading opportunities and Islamic missionary work in Southeast Asia. Their settlement and incorporation into and coexistence with new host societies occurred during three historical periods, the pre-colonial, colonial, and po…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Ḥāfiẓ
(3,923 words)
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad
Ḥāfiẓ was a Persian lyric poet who lived in Shiraz from about 715/1315 to 792/1390. He is widely known for his
Dīvān, a collection of five hundred poems. His work crowns four centuries of Persian poetry. Lyric poetry, far removed from any sort of literality, allowed him to convey his exceptional experience of love: “It was love that taught me to speak” (
Dīvān, 53, 4; all references in this article are to vol. 1 of the 1983 Khānlarī edition; the
ghazal number is followed by the couplet number). This resulted from his seduction by a beloved one who “pillage…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
Hafiz İsmail Paşa
(954 words)
Hafiz İsmail (Ḥāfiẓ Ismāʿīl)
Paşa (1171–1222/1758–1807) was an Ottoman statesman, grand vizier, and grand admiral. He was born in Istanbul, the son of a
bostancı (
bostānci, gardeners of the imperial palaces), and grew up in the Bostancı Corps (Bostānci Ocak), where he became
hasekiağası (khāṣekīāghāsı) on 12 Safer (Ṣafar) 1212/6 August 1797. On 18 Safer 1213/1 August 1798/, he was promoted to the post of
bostancıbaşı (
bostānci başı, head of the Bostancı Corps), where he drew the attention of Selim (Selīm) III (r. 1203–22/1789–1807), and on 19 Recep (Rajab) 1219…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18
al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh
(979 words)
Al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh Abū l-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd was the eleventh caliph of the Fāṭimid line (r. 297–567/909–1171). Born in ʿAsqalān in 467/1074 or 468/1075 to a son of the caliph al-Mustanṣir (r. 427–87/1036–94), he was the oldest surviving male in the royal family in 524/1130, when his cousin and predecessor, al-Āmir, was assassinated. Absent a clear heir to the throne—the infant son al-Ṭayyib, whose birth had been announced earlier, seems to have left the picture—authorities in the palace decla…
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
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2020-12-18