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Ibn al-Wazīr
(669 words)
Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Wazīr al-Yamanī (775–840/1374–1436), also known as
Ibn al-Wazīr, was a Yemeni theologian and legal theorist of Zaydī Shīʿī background who did not affiliate with any legal school (
madhhab). The family name al-Wazīr derives from an ancestor several generations earlier who held an administrative position as a vizier (
wazīr). Ibn al-Wazīr was born in Rajab 775/January 1374 in the northern highlands of Yemen. He was educated in Zaydī Shīʿism, especially Muʿtazilī
kalām theology and legal theory, but also turned to Sunnī
ḥadīth collections and Ṣūfism early in …
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-02-14
Fiṭra
(1,569 words)
The Arabic word
fiṭra , often translated “original disposition,” “natural constitution,” or “innate nature,” appears in the Qurʾān and
ḥadīth literature and factors into Islamic legal and theological discussions about human nature and knowledge. The related verb form
faṭara occurs eight times in the Qurʾān, in the sense of “create” or “constitute” (Q 6:79, 17:51, and elsewhere), and the active participle
fāṭir six times, to describe God as the “creator” of the heavens and the earth (Q 6:14, 12:101, and elsewhere). The sole occurrence of the noun
fiṭra in the Qurʾān links it closel…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-02-14
Ḥashwiyya
(781 words)
Ḥashwiyya (also
ahl al-ḥashw) is a pejorative label used by Muʿtazilī
kalām theologians and other rationalists to malign
ḥadīth folk (
aṣḥāb al-ḥadīth), Ḥanbalīs, and other traditionalists. The most common etymon posited is the Arabic
ḥashw (to stuff), one accusation against the Ḥashwiyya being that they stuffed unreliable
ḥadīth reports into their argumentation (Van Ess,
Der Eine, 953). The earliest Muʿtazilī heresiography,
Kitāb uṣūl al-niḥal (“Book of the roots of divisions”), usually attributed to Jaʿfar b. Ḥarb (d. 236/850–1), identifies the Ḥashwiyya a…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-02-14
Creed
(3,409 words)
The
creed
(ʿaqīda, iʿtiqād) refers both to the fundamental doctrines of Islam and to texts specifying these doctrines. These documents vary in length from short compendiums to extensive doctrinal outlines supported by rational and textual proofs. Apart from the Confession of Faith
(shahāda), “There is no god but God, and Muḥammad is the messenger of God,” there is no universally accepted Islamic creed. However, political and theological conflicts over matters such as leadership of the Muslim community, the definition of a Muslim believe…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
Date:
2021-02-14