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, an Arabic loanword derived from a North Iranian form (proved by the Armen. hrasak̲h̲ and the Syr. prasak̲h̲ā), modern Persian farsang (Pehl. frasang, Old Persian in Herodotos and Xenophon παρασάγγηΣ), a Persian measure of length, equivalent to the distance covered in an hour by a horse walking. This farsak̲h̲ contains 6000 trade-ells ( d̲h̲irāʿ or d̲h̲arʿ-i rasmī) of 1.0387 metres each = 6232.2 metres. The Arab farsak̲h̲ was three Arab miles or 12000 ells = 5762.8 metres. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography P. Horn in the Grundr. der iran. Philol., i. 2, p. 127 J. A. Decourdemanche, Traité pratique…

(Mīrzā) Wiṣāl, surname of Muḥammad S̲h̲afīʿ, Persian poet of the xixth century, born at S̲h̲īrāz, a clever calligrapher and musician, died in 1262 (1846). Author of numerous poems ( dīwān lithographed at Ṭeherān 1275) the Bazm-i Wiṣāl, the completion of the Farhād u-S̲h̲īrīn of Waḥs̲h̲ī (lithographed at Ṭeherān 1263) and of a translation into Persian of the Aṭwāḳ al-Ḏh̲ahab (golden collars) of Zamak̲h̲s̲h̲arī. His sons, Wiḳār, Maḥmūd Ḥakīm (the physician), Abu ’l-Ḳāsim Farhang, Dāwarī, Yazdānī and Himmet had inherited the paternal talent. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Riḍā-Ḳuli Ḵh̲ān…

(t.) “Ravine”, “gully” (literally “strangling” from the root bog̲h̲) hence in geographical names “pass” or „strait”. It is particularly applied to the Thracian Bosporus ( Ḵh̲alīd̲j̲-i Ḳusṭantīnīye) a strait 18 miles long and from 600 to 3,500 yards broad with 7 bays and 7 promontories. The various parts into which it is broken up, together form the bog̲h̲āz-iči, “the interior of the Bosporus”. This runs from the heights of the Serai cape and Scutari up to the Black Sea. It separates the European coast from the Asiatic and is traversed by two lines of …

, arabicised form of Kōh-rūd, “river of the mountain”, a village seventy-five miles from Iṣfahān on the road from Kās̲h̲ān [q.v.] in a valley in the midst of trees and orchards. The col which separates the two slopes of the mountain is here; Oliver St. John in 1871 from this applied the name to the chain of mountains which separates ʿIrāḳ-ʿAd̲j̲amī from Fārs and stretches into Balūčistān (chief peaks: S̲h̲īr-kūh ¶ south of Yazd c. 12,000 feet high and Hazār-kūh south of Kirmān c. 13,500 feet high). (Cl. Huart) Bibliography de Gobineau, Trois ans en Asie, p. 235 Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī, Nuzhat al-Ḳu…

, Pl. barāg̲h̲īth, the name of the flea in Arabic, applied by the people of Syria to the little Turkish coin of I piastre; so called on account of the ease with which it slips out of the hand. — Nahr Barg̲h̲ūt̲h̲ is a stream on the Syrian coast which flows into the Mediterranean a little to the south of Ṣaidā (Sidon); it is the Asclepios of the ancients. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Baedeker, Palestine and Syria 4, pp. 271—273.

, also āk̲h̲ūn (Castelli; Shakspear; Polak, Persien i. 269) and āk̲h̲awānd (Shakspear, Richardson, Vullers) = “schoolmaster”; East Turkisch ak̲h̲ond, ak̲h̲on (Vambéry, Čagataische Sprachstudien p. 205; Sulaimān-Efendi, Lug̲h̲at-i Čagatāi p. 6); āk̲h̲ūndī and āk̲h̲awāndī = “office of schoolmaster” (Quatremère, Hist, des Sultans mamlouks, i. 69). — The original meaning of the word is “under-master”, “substitute”, from ā + k̲h̲wānd ( k̲h̲wand, k̲h̲und), contraction of k̲h̲udawend), which occurs in the compound names of Mīr-Ḵh̲ond and Ḵh̲ond-Emīr. According to Quatremère ( ib…

(Kamāl al-Dīn Masʿūd), a Persian lyric poet, born in Ḵh̲ud̲j̲and in Transoxania. He followed the mystic path, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and on his return settled in Tibrīz the climate of which had pleased him. On the capture of this town by Toḳtamis̲h̲-Ḵh̲ān, he was taken to the town of Sarāi at the request of this prince’s wife. He remained there four years. Having returned to Tibrīz the Ḏj̲alāʾirid Sulṭān Ḥusain, son of Sulṭān Uwais, had a house built for him. He likewise received favours fr…

, Bālikeser, a town in Turkey in Asia, capital of the Sand̲j̲aḳ of Ḳarasi in the Wilāyet of Ḵh̲udāwend giār, with 13,118 inhabitants, of whom 9175 are Muḥammadans, 1266 Orthodox Greeks and 1941 Gregorian Armenians. Built at the foot of the Yilān-dāg̲h̲, Bālikesrī is watered in winter by a brook. In summer when this is dried up, water has to be brought from Batlāḳ. It was the ancient capital of the Princes of Ḳarasi and was conquered in 737 (1336) by ʿAd̲j̲lān-zāde in the time of Sulṭān Ork̲h̲ān. It has a weekly market and an annual fair, and manufactures a coarse kind of cloth called ʿabā [q. v.]. …

, S̲h̲ams al-Maʿālī, Abu ’l-Ḥasan, nephew of Merdāwīd̲j̲ b. Ziyār and fourth ruler of the Ziyārid dynasty (his genealogy is given by his grandson, Ḳābūs Unṣur al-Maʿālī in his preface to the Ḳābūsnāmah). Called to the throne by a military conspiracy, in 366 (976) he succeeded his brother Ẓahīr al-Dīn Bahistūn as ruler of Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān and Ṭabaristān. When the Būyid Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla [q. v.] had quarrelled with his brother ʿAḍud al-Dawla [q. v.] and the latter deprived him of his whole kingdom in 369 (979/80) Fak̲h̲r al-Dawla took…

, an order of Dervishes, founded by Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Bairam of Angora. The founder died there in 833 (1429-1430). His grave adjoins the ruins of the temple of Roma and Augustus, the walls of which bear the famous inscription, the Monumentum Ancyranum. The Bairamī Order is a branch of the Naḳs̲h̲bandīs, which is represented in Turkey in Europe. In Constantinople it has settlements in Stambul, Eiyūb, Skutarī and Ḳāsim-Pas̲h̲ā. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, i. 299 Anm. Depont et Coppolani, Confréries religieuses, p. 532 Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, Ḏj̲ihān-numā, p. 643.

, a bay on the European shore of the Bosporus between Boyad̲j̲i-K öi and Rūmili Ḥiṣār, so called after Bālṭa-Og̲h̲lū Sulaimān-Bey, the first admiral of the Turkish fleet, who equipped the fleet of 420 ships here, which co-operated in 857 (1453) at the siege of Constantinople; it is the ancient Phidalia. Ras̲h̲īd-Pas̲h̲a’s old palace stands here. The commercial treaty with France of 1838, the Treaty of the Five Powers of 1841 and the agreement of 1849 relative to the principalities of the Danube were all concluded here. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography ʿAlī Ḏj̲ewād, Ḏj̲og̲h̲rāfiyā lūg̲h̲āti, p. …

(ʾΙωάννινα, ʾΙάννινα, turkish Yāniya), a town in lower Albania, on the west bank of the lake of the same name, at the foot of Mount Mitzikélis, 1900 feet above the sea-level. It was formerly the capital of the vilāyet of the same name. The palace of the Pas̲h̲a and two of its mosques are situated on a peninsula which runs out to the middle of the lake. It was defended by several forts. It replaced the ancient Dodona which had become the see of a bishopric, and the ruins of which are still to be see…

, the greatest of Ottoman lyrical poets, properly called Maḥmūd ʿAbd al-Bāḳī, born in Constantinople in 933 (1529-1527) the son of a Muʾad̲h̲d̲h̲in of the Muḥammadīya; learned at first the saddler’s trade and afterwards studied law to prepare himself for a judicial career. In 962 (1555) Sulṭān Sulaimān to whom he had dedicated a congratulatory Ḳaṣīda on his return from Persia, attached him to the court, where he also enjoyed the Imperial favour of Selīm II and Murād III. After being successively…

(t.), a title of Mongol empresses and princesses, and of ladies of high rank; later simply “lady”. The term is an old one. As early as the sixth century of our era we see from the Chinese annals that it was given by the Tu-kiue to the wife of the Ḵh̲āḳān; the Chinese transcription is k̲h̲o-ho-tun (Stanislas Julien, Notice sur les Tou-kioue J. A., Ser. ii., Vol, iii., p. 331 sqq.; date c. 553—581). It is found in the form ḳatun, in the inscriptions of the Ork̲h̲on, (cf. W. Thomsen, I.E., ii., p. 101; ögäm Ilbilgä Ḳatun “my mother the queen Ilbilge”, I.E. 25, p. 106 and 31, p. 108; I.N.G., p…

, Muḥammad, ʿImād al-Dawla, a Persian poet of Ḳazwīn, who was the secretary of the two Prime Ministers Mīrzā Taḳī al-Dīn Muḥammad and Ḵh̲alīfa Sulṭān; in 1055 (1645—6) appointed historiographer to S̲h̲āh ʿAbbās II, he became minister in 1101 (1689—90) in the reign of Sulaimān; afterwards he retired into private life and died most probably in 1110 (1698-99) aged 90. The British Museum has five MSS. of his historical works. The Ātas̲h̲-kedè (Bombay 1277, not paginated) says that his poems were mainly admired because of the rank of the author. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Hammer, Gesch. Redek. …

(cf. Beg), in Buk̲h̲ārā, a title of viziers and officials of high rank. With it is connected bīke, a title of Muḥammadan women of Turkish birth, which at the present day, is still occasionally found in Asia Minor. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Vámbéry, Čagataische Sprachstudien, p. 250 Sulaimān-Efendi, Lug̲h̲āti-d̲j̲ag̲h̲ataï, p. 88 Mohammed Ḏj̲ingiz in the Revue du Monde Musulman, Vol. iii. (1907), p. 249.

, Ḥabīb Allāh, a modern Persian poet, son of the versifier Mīrzā Muḥammad ʿAlī Guls̲h̲an, born at S̲h̲īrāz, was court poet to Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, successor to Fatḥ ʿAlī S̲h̲āh (1250—64 = 1834—48) and to Nāṣir al-Dīn S̲h̲āh. He was very precocious and attracted attention from the age of eight. His father died when he was eleven ( Perīs̲h̲ān, Bombay, 1277, p. 19) and he had to go to Ḵh̲orāsān to complete his studies. Prince S̲h̲ud̲j̲āʿ al-Salṭana Ḥasan ʿAlī Mirzā, governor of Mas̲h̲had, took him under his protection. This was the beginning of his good fort…

(p.; Avestan dvar) “door or gate”, particularly the gate or outer court of a royal palace. Dar-gāh (Pahl. dargās) “door”, properly “place of the door”. Dar-i Saʿādat (formerly dar-i dawlat) “gate of bliss”, a name given to Constantinople. Dar-bār (Anglo-Indian durbar) is the name given in India to solemn court ceremonials, receptions and morning audiences. (Cl. Huart) Bibliography Gibb, History of Ottoman Poetry, iii. 214, note 1.

II, son of Sām Mīrzā (S̲h̲āh Ṣafī) and great-grandson of ʿAbbās I, was born in 1043 (1633), died in 1077 (1666) at Dāmag̲h̲ān, and was buried at Ḳumm. He ascended the throne of Persia at the age of ten (1052 = 1642), he saw a reaction of religious intolerance introduced against the abuse of wine which had been encouraged by the example of his predecessors, but the severe measures adopted by his ministers were unable to put a stop to it. ʿAbbās II, as he grew older, returned to the drunken habit…

, Ferheng (Pehl. frahang “education, instruction”) the name given by the Persians to dictionaries of their language. The four principal ones are the Farhang-i Ḏj̲ahāngīrī begun in 1005 (1597) by order of Akbar by Ḏj̲amāl al-Dīn Ḥusain Ind̲j̲ū, an ʿAlid of S̲h̲īrāz, and finished in 1017 (1608) in the reign of Ḏj̲ahāngīr; the Farhang-i Ras̲h̲īdī of ʿAbd al-Ras̲h̲īd, an ʿAlid of Tatta, who was still alive in 1069 (1618); the Farhang-i S̲h̲oʿūrī, printed at Constantinople in 1155 = 1742; the Farkang-i Nāṣirī (And̲j̲umanārāi) of Riḍā Ḳulī Ḵh̲ān lithographed at Teheran in 1288 = 18…