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[English version] (ἀποτίμημα). Bei Vormundschaftsverhältnissen übergab der Archont das Vermögen von Waisen nach Schätzung an den Vormund bzw. einen Pächter, der dafür pfandmäßige Sicherungen, das a., bereitstellte. Das Verfahren sicherte dem Mündel später einen direkten Zugriff auf die apotimierten Sachen und ermöglichte dem Vormund bzw. Pächter, sich durch Hingabe des a. von weiteren Ansprüchen des Mündels zu lösen. Ebenso stellte bei Dotalverhältnissen der Ehemann für die erhaltene Mitgift ein a. bereit, um sich bei Auflösung der Ehe aus der Rückgabepflicht der…

[English version] (ἑκατοστή). Als H. wurden in der Ant. Steuern in Höhe von 1 % bezeichnet: 1. In Athen gab es zahlreiche Formen der H. (Aristoph. Vesp. 658), so die bei Ps.-Xen. Ath. pol. 1,17 genannte ἑκατοστὴ ἡ ἐν Πειραιεῖ ( hekatostḗ hē en Peiraieí) und der in IG I3 182 Z.15 belegte Hafenzoll. Nach Theophrast (F 650 Fortenbaugh; Stob. 44,20 Wachsmuth-Hense) mußte bei Grundstücksverkäufen der Käufer eine einprozentige Verkaufssteuer erlegen. Auch die ant. und byz. Lexika zählen zu den Verkaufssteuern (ἐπώνια) “gewisse H.” (Anecd. Bekk. I 2…

(μισθός). [English version] I. Definition Das Wort m. wurde in Griechenland in der Bed. “Preis” oder “Bezahlung” für eine erbrachte Leistung (Lohn, Sold) verwendet. Daneben bezeichnet m. auch ein Entgelt für die Gebrauchsgewährung an beweglichen und unbeweglichen Sachen (vgl. μίσθωσις, místhōsis ). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [English version] II. Archaische und klassische Zeit Angehörige der unterbäuerlichen Schicht (Theten, pelátai ) traten bei Adligen oder Bauern als Gesinde in Dienst, wohnten auf dem Hof, erhielten Verpflegu…

(Μενέξενος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Sokrates Einer von Sokrates' Söhnen, beim Tod des Vaters noch ein Kind (Plat. apol. 34d; Phaid. 116b; Diog. Laert. 2,26); Sokratiker. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography A.-H. Chroust, A Comment On Aristotle's On Noble Birth, in: WS 85 N.F. 6, 1972, 19-32  PA 9975  Traill, PAA 644865. [English version] [2] Schüler des Sokrates Schüler des mit ihm verwandten Sophisten Ktesippos und des Sokrates, bei dessen Tod er zugegen war (Plat. Lys. 206d; 211c; Plat. Phaid. 59b). Nach ihm hat Platon den Dialog ‘M.’ benannt; Sokratiker. Schmitz, Wi…

[English version] (Φανοσθένης) von Andros. Er wurde wahrscheinlich wegen seiner Verdienste um die Einfuhr von Schiffsbauhölzern zum próxenos ( proxenía ) und euergétēs der Athener ernannt, erhielt später das attische Bürgerrecht und wurde für 407/6 v.Chr. zum stratēgós gewählt. Nach der Niederlage von Notion löste Ph. Konon [1] bei der Belagerung von Andros ab und fing zwei Schiffe aus Thurioi ab, die zur spartan. Flotte stoßen wollten (Plat. Ion 541d; Xen. hell. 1,5,18f.; IG I3 182). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography H.A. Reiter, Athen und die Poleis des Delisch-At…

[German version] (ταμίας/ tamías, pl. ταμίαι/ tamíai). Administrator of temple coffers or state coffers. In Athens the tamiai of Athena (ταμίαι. τῆς θεοῦ, tamíai tȇs theoû) held the most important treasury office. The ten tamiai were appointed by lot from the property class of the pentakosiomédimnoi , one from each phylḗ . At the beginning of their year of office, in the presence of the council ( boulḗ ) the tamiai were handed the gold-ivory image of Athena, the bronze statues of Nike, covered in silver and gold leaves, the votive offerings and the balance of cash …

[German version] (Μέλων; Mélōn). A Theban. Together with Pelopidas and other conspirators, he prepared from Athens for the overthrow of the oligarchy at Thebes in 379 BC. Having secretly returned, they killed the polémarchoi and Leontiades [2], one of the leading figures among the oligarchs (Xen. Hell. 5,4,2-9; Plut. Pelopidas 8-12; Plut. de genio Socratis 576a; 587d; 596d; 597a). They freed the political prisoners and proclaimed freedom, were honoured in the people's assembly and elected as boeotarchs (Plut.…

(Χαρίξενος; Charíxenos). [German version] [1] Strategos of the Aetolian League in 281/0 and 270/69 BC C. from Trichonium (Aetolia). In 288/7 BC, 281/0 and 270/69 strategos of the Aetolian League (IG IX2 5, 14, 54) [1. 267 note 4]. Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Strategos of the Aetolian League, 3rd cent. BC Aetolian; son of Cydrion. In 260 BC hipparch (IG IX2 18,18); 255/4, 246/5, 241/0 and 234/3 strategos of the Aetolian League (IG IX2 3 B). In the latter role, in 246/5 he invited Greek cities to celebrate the newly organized festival of the  Sote…

[German version] (Εὐρυπτόλεμος; Euryptólemos). Cousin and close friend of Alcibiades [3] and related to the younger Pericles. In 408 BC, E. and  Diotimus [1] were sworn witnesses to the contract in Chrysopolis between Pharnabazus and Alcibiades and were members of an Athenian delegation to Susa. As a result of a shift in the Persian court in favour of the Spartans, the delegation was detained for quite some time (Xen. Hell. 1,3,12f.; 1,4,1-7). In the Arginusae trial E. argued, first by   paranómōn graphḗ , which he was obliged to withdraw, and then in a publ…

[German version] In many ancient political communities, the right of full citizenship, the active or passive right to vote, the assignment to certain arms of service, and the act of splitting the cost of financial services by the state between the citizens, were all contingent upon economical ability and thereby indirectly dependent upon social status. These rights and duties were assigned on the basis of an estimation. Ancient political theory regarded the requirement of meeting certain qualifica…

[German version] (Ἐργοκλῆς; Ergoklês). Athenian strategos. In 404/3 BC, he joined the democrats in Phyle. In 390/89, he operated as a strategos together with Thrasybulus in the Hellespont and on the coast of Asia Minor. After his return, he was indicted for embezzlement, bribery and abuse of authority and sentenced to death; his assets were confiscated (Lys. 28). Since the embezzled money was never found, there were suspicions that Philocrates, trierarch and treasurer under E., had taken possession of this money (Lys. 29). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld)

[German version] (εἰκοστή; eikostḗ). Duty or tax at the rate of a twentieth (5%). 1. In Athens, the Peisistratidae presumably were the first to impose tax on agricultural yields in order to finance wars, magnificent buildings, and ceremonial sacrifices, according to Thuc. 6,54,5, at the rate of 5%. In Aristot. Ath. Pol. 16,4; 16,6, tax is called ‘tithe’ (δεκάτη), (cf. Hdt. 1,64,1). 2. In 413/2 BC, the Athenians imposed import and export tax at the rate of 5% on their symmachoi (allies) in the Delian-Athenian League instead of the   phoroi in order to cover the ris…

[German version] (Κλειτοφῶν; Kleitophôn). Athenian, a disciple of  Socrates (Pl. Resp. 1,328b; 340a-b). Plato's dialogue C . is named after him. C. proposed to consider Cleisthenes' constitution for the planned changes in 411 BC. In 404 he represented the pátrios politeía viewpoint together with  Theramenes and others ([Aristot.] Ath. Pol. 29,3; 34,3). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography PA 8546 M. Chambers, Aristoteles. Staat der Athener, 1990, 277 Rhodes 375-377.

[German version] (ἀργυρολόγοι νῆες; argyrológoi nêes). With the onset of the Peloponnesian War the Athenians sent out special ships to collect overdue tribute (φόροι; phóroi) and additional renders from members of the Athenian League. The ships were commanded by generals (Thuc. 2,69,1; 3,19,1; 4,50,1; 4,75,1; Aristoph. Equ. 1070 f.; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 24,3; Xen. Hell. 1,1,8; 1,1,12). The word ἀργυρολογεῖν ( argyrologeîn) is also in general use for the collection of monies (Xen. Hell. 4,8,30; Aeschin. Ctes. 159).  Athenian League Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) Bibliography 1 S. …

[German version] (ναυτικὸν δάνειον/ nautikòn dáneion; sea loan). The ND was a loan ( dáneion) granted to a long-distance merchant ( émporos) or ship's owner ( naúklēros) at interest (ναυτικὸς τόκος, nautikós tókos) for the duration of a commercial voyage - either for a one-way voyage (ἑτερόπλουν δάνειον, heteróploun dáneion) or for a round trip (ἀμφοτερόπλουν δάνειον, amphoteróploun dáneion) - for which the ship or its freight was the bond ( hypothḗkē [1]). Egyptian documents show that guarantors assumed liability for the fulfilment of the agreement. The loan agreement ( syngraphḗ …

[German version] (ναύκληρος; naúklēros). A naúklēros was a ship-owner or also a captain conducting internal or overseas trade with his own or a leased ship (cf. Hdt. 1,5,2; 4,152,1; Xen. Oec. 8,12). He also offered other traders cargo space for sea transport; the naúklēros was thus not always distinct from the émporos . From the end of the 4th cent. BC, the naúklēroi, who were predominantly foreigners, often formed their own associations, often cultic (Associations); trading societies with their own capital separate from the private wealth of participants …

(Φάραξ/ Phárax). [German version] [1] Spartan military officer (end of the 5th/beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Spartan, in 405 BC second in command at Aigos potamos (Paus. 6,3,15). As a naúarchos (naval commander) he took part in operations with Dercylidas in Caria in the early summer of 397 (Xen. Hell. 3,2,12-14) and intercepted the Athenian legates to Persia who were executed in Sparta (Hell. Oxyrh. 10,1 Chambers). In 396 he besieged Conon [1] in Caunus with 120 ships (Diod. 14,79,4f.) [1]. In 390 as próxenos ( Proxenía ) of the Thebans he supported the Boeot…

(μισθός; misthós). [German version] I. Definition The word misthós was used in Greece in the meaning of ‘price’ or ‘payment’ for a service performed (wage, salary). Misthós also meant the remuneration for granting the use of movable and unmovable goods (cf. μίσθωσις, místhōsis ). Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) [German version] II. Archaic and Classical Period Members of the sub-peasant class (thetes, pelátai ), who hired themselves out as agricultural servants to nobles or farmers, lived on the estate, received provisions and after th…

[German version] (κάπηλος; kápēlos). The kapelos was a Greek merchant at the local market, selling various goods including foods; he also served wine, vinegar, or other beverages. The specifications added to the word kapelos (e.g. ἐλαιο-, οἰνο-, σιτο-κάπηλος; oil, wine, grain kapelos) show how diverse retail in Athens was in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Specialized kápēloi were concentrated in specific areas of the market or in specific streets. Female vendors (καπηλίς, kapēlís) are attested as well (cf. Dem. Or. 57,30ff.). The καπηλεῖον ( kapēleîon) was a permanent booth or store…

[German version] (Ἀνδροκλείδας; Androkleídas). Prominent politician in Thebes. Belonged to the group around  Ismenias, who in 395 BC with Persian money was supposed to involve Sparta in a war, in order to force  Agesilaus [2] to pull out of Asia Minor and to weaken the friends of Sparta around  Leontiades in Thebes. On the advice of A., Thebes helped the Locrians in the war against the Phocians, which caused Sparta to become involved (Hell. Oxy. 20,1-2; 21 Chambers; Xen. Hell. 3,5,1-5; Plut. Lys. 27). When Sparta occupied the Cadmea in 382 and Leontiades had Ismenias taken prisoner, c. 300 …