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Anti-Judaism/Antisemitism/Anti-Zionism
(12,562 words)
1. Traditional anti-Judaism in the Islamic World A historical survey of Islamic attitudes toward and treatment of Jews must take into account the facts that Islam is (1) a religion with a corpus of doctrines, beliefs, and practices that have evolved over fourteen hundred years and have been subject to widely varying manifestations and interpretations; (2) a body politic, united at first, but becoming more divided over time; and (3) a civilization that despite local and regional differences has neverthe…
Judaism, History of, Part V.B: Modern Times. The Muslim World
(10,641 words)
The expulsion of the Jews from Christian Spain in 1492 in a very real sense marked the beginning of modern times for the Jews of the Muslim world. Many of the exiles sought refuge in the Islamic kingdoms of the Maghreb, in Mamluk Egypt and the Levant, and in the expanding Ottoman Empire, which within a generation would take over all of the Middle East and North Africa between the borders of Persia and Morocco. These Sephardic refugees infused new vitality—demographically, culturally, and spiritu…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Judaism
Judaism, History of, Part IV.B: Medieval Times. Islam
(10,626 words)
It is virtually impossible to know what was normative Judaism and Jewish practice during the first two hundred years of the Muslim Caliphate, in the seventh through ninth centuries. The great Islamic Arab conquests of the seventh and early eighth centuries brought the majority of world Jewry living at that time from Spain to Persia and Central Asia under the rule of a single empire, the Dar al-Islam (“the Domain of Islam”). The two hundred years immediately preceding the Islamic conquests and fo…
Source:
Encyclopaedia of Judaism
Ratti-Menton, Benoît Ulysse-Laurent-François, Count de
(13 words)
see Damascus Affair (1840) Norman A. Stillman
Onomastics
(18 words)
see Names and Naming Practices - Kurdistan Names and Naming Practices - Yemen Norman A. Stillman
Heqdesh (Qodesh, Waqf, Ḥabs)
(990 words)
Charity and social welfare have since ancient times been an integral part of the Jewish communal ethos. Already in biblical times, funds and property could be consecrated to the needs of the Temple (Bet ha-Miqdash) in Jerusalem (e.g., see II Kings 12:5–17; Mishna Temura 7:2, Sheqalim 4:7). The term for dedicated property was
heqdesh (consecrated). The Talmud forbade the dedication of
heqdesh property in the biblical sense following the destruction of the Temple, since the misappropriation of such property would have constituted sacrilege (Heb.
meʿila). But in the Middle Ages bo…
Anqāwa (Al-Naqawa), Ephraim
(493 words)
Ephraim ben Israel Anqāwa (fl. late 14th to early 15th century), known to his devotees simply as Rab (Heb. master), was a Sephardi rabbinical scholar, philosopher, and physician who became a leading saint in the Maghrebi Jewish pantheon of holy men (Heb.
ṣaddiqim). His tomb in Tlemcen became an important site of pilgrimage (Ar.
ziyāra). Ephraim was born in Toledo, where his family had lived since the twelfth century and had their own synagogue, established by his great-uncle Abraham ben Samuel, who was murdered in 1341. Ephraim’s father, Israel ha-Qadosh (Heb. the martyr), was the …
Identité et Dialogue
(14 words)
see Azoulay, André; Assaraf, Robert; Berdugo, Serge Norman A. Stillman
