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Twelver (Eṯnā ʿAšari Emāmi) Shiʿite polemics refer here to arguments gleaned from compositions written by Shiʿites. POLEMICS i. BETWEEN SHIʿITES AND JEWS Twelver (Eṯnā ʿAšari Emāmi) Shiʿite polemics refer here to arguments gleaned from compositions written by Shiʿites; they do not usually have original and specifically Shiʿite characteristics that separate them from their Sunni counterparts. Polemical arguments are scattered in commentaries on the Qurʾān, in the Hadith, heresiographies ( melal wa-neḥal literature), anti-Christian polemics, books on theology, law, …

OF IRAN, one of the oldest Jewish populations in the Diaspora. This article is available in print. Volume XV, Fascicle 1, pp. 89-112 This entry will be divided into the following sub-entries: JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES i. INTRODUCTION Jewish communities have been living upon the Persian plateau since ca. 721 BCE, when King Sargon II (r. 721-705 BCE) relocated large communities of conquered Israelites “in the cities of the Medes” (western and northern regions of present-day Persia; 2 Kings 17:6; 18:10-11). The most significant mass …