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(t.), A Central Asian headdress, which was introduced by the Turks into Europe and became widely distributed there. The word ḳalpaḳ is found in the most diverse Turkish dialects in meanings which are detailed by W. Radloff in his Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türkdialekte, ii. 268 sq. (cf. also ḳalabaḳ, ii. 234). The Eastern Turkish tilpäk, Djag. East. Turk, tälpäk, Kirg. and Karakirg. telpäk, meaning cap, felt cap (cf. also the French talpack) is certainly related. Cf. thereon Pavet de Courteille, Dict. turk-oriental, p. 408). In its original form the ḳalpaḳ is a cone-shape…

, a petty dynasty in Anatolia. The princes of Mentes̲h̲e first appear in history after the break up of the Seld̲j̲ūk empire. The founder of the family is said to have been a certain Mentes̲h̲e Beg b. Behāʾ al-Dīn Kurdī. He had his court at Mīlās (Mylasa) in the ancient Caria, and not far from it his stronghold Paičīn (Petsona). His descendants also lived in Mīlās until they moved their court to Miletus. The son of Mentes̲h̲e was Urk̲h̲ān Beg, who is known from an inscription on a building in Mīlās and from Ibn Baṭṭūṭa who visited him in 1334 in Mīlās (cf. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, Voyages, ed. Defrémery, Paris …

, an old Ottoman noble family. This family traces its descent to the feudal lord Köse Mīk̲h̲āl ʿAbd Allāh, originally a Greek (cf. F.-A. Geuffroy in Ch. Schefer, Petit traicte de l’origine des Tureqz par Th. Spandouyn Cantacasin, Paris 1696, p. 267: L’ung desdictz Grecz estoit nommé Michali…. Dudict Michali sont descendus les Michalogli), who appears in the reign of ʿOt̲h̲mān I as lord of Chirmenkia (Ḵh̲irmend̲j̲ik) at the foot of Olympus near Edrenos, and later as an ally of the first Ottoman ruler earned great merit for his share in aiding the latter’s expansion (cf. J. v. Hammer, in G.O.R.,…

, daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Mihr-i Māh (sometimes also written Mihr-u-māh: cf. Ḳaračelebizāde, Rawḍat ul-Ebrār, p. 458) was the only daughter of Suleimān the Magnificent [q. v., as well as F. Babinger, in Meister der Politik, ii.2, Berlin 1923, p. 39—63]. While still quite young she was married to the grand vizier Rustem Pas̲h̲a (cf. F. Babinger, G. O. W., p. 81 sq.) in the beginning of December 1539 (cf. J. H. Mordtmann, in M. S. O. S., Year xxxii., Part 2, p. 37), but the marriage does not seem to have been a happy one. She used her enormous wealth — St. Ger…

, an Ottoman Grand Admiral whose real name was Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḥusein Pas̲h̲a. Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḥusein Pas̲h̲a, known as Mezzomorto, i. e. “half-dead” because he was severely wounded in a naval battle, came from the Balearic Islands, if A. de la Motraye’s statement ( Voyages, The Hague 1727, i. 206) that he was born in Mallorca is right. He probably spent his youth sailing with corsairs on the seas off the North African coast. He first appears as a desperate pirate in the summer of 1682 in the Barbary States. When France was preparing to deal a …

, Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Mūsā, an Ottoman S̲h̲aik̲h̲ of an Order and Saint. Merkez Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Mūsā b. Muṣṭafā b. Ḳilid̲j̲ b. Ḥad̲j̲dar belonged to the village of Ṣari̊ Maḥmūdlu in the Anatolian district of Lād̲h̲ikīya. He was at first a pupil of the Mollā Aḥmad Pas̲h̲a, son of Ḵh̲iḍr Beg [q. v.], and later of the famous Ḵh̲alwetī S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Sünbül Sinān Efendi, founder of the Sünbülīya, a branch of the Ḵh̲alwetīya, head of the monastery of Ḳod̲j̲a Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a in Stambul (cf. on him: Brūsali̊ Meḥemmed Ṭāhir, Ot̲h̲mānli̊ Müʾellifleri̊, i. 78 sq.). When the latter died in 936 (1529), Merke…

, a little principality in Anatolia. The boundaries of the territory of the Mentes̲h̲e-og̲h̲lu’s [q. v.] are given by Müned̲j̲d̲j̲im-bas̲h̲i̊ (cf. Fr. Babinger, G.O.W., p. 234 sq.) in his Ṣaḥāʾif al-Ak̲h̲bār (Stambul 1285) as marked by Mug̲h̲la, Balāṭ, Boz-Üyük, Mīlās, Bard̲j̲īn, Marīn, Čīne, Ṭawās, Bornāz, Makrī, Göd̲j̲iñiz, Foča and Mermere. They thus correspond approximately to those of the ancient Caria. The origin of the name is uncertain, but it can confidently be asserted that the opinion, presumably first put forward by F. Meninski ( Lexicon, iv. 737) and till quite rec…

, K̲h̲od̲j̲a Meḥmed (1111-76/1699-1763), Ottoman Grand Vizier and littérateur. He was born in Istanbul, the son of the kātib Meḥmed S̲h̲ewḳī. and was soon on account of his unusual ability employed in the dīwān . He then acted as secretary and deputy-chamberlain to the governors of Van, ʿArifī Aḥmed Pas̲h̲a, and Köprülü-zāde ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Aḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], and, lastly, to Ḥekīm-zāde ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a. In 1141/1728 he returned to ¶ the capital and in the following year went back to Bag̲h̲dād as deputy to the reʾīs efendi . Soon after the conquest of Bag̲h̲dād in 1146/1733 he was appointed def…

, Ottoman statesman and historian. Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm, known as Resmi came from Rethymno (Turk. Resmo; hence his epithet?) in Crete and was of Greek descent (cf. Hammer-Purgstall, viii, 202). He was born in 1112/1700 and came in 1146/1733 to Istanbul, where he was educated, married a daughter of the Reʾīs Efendi Taʾūḳd̲j̲i Muṣṭafā and entered the service of the Porte. He held a number of offices in various towns (cf. Sid̲j̲ill-i ʿOt̲h̲mānī , ii, 380 f.). In Ṣafar 1171/Oct. 1757 he went as Ottoman envoy to Vienna and on his return made a written re…

, chef-lieu of a ḳadaʾ in Anatolia, 15 miles south-east of Mik̲h̲alid̲j̲ (cf. J. H. Mordtmann, in ZDMG, lxv [1911], 101) and 40 miles S.W. of Bursa with about 16,900 inhabitants (1960). The town lies on both banks of the Edrenos Čay (Rhyndacus), now called the Mustafa Kemal Paşa Çay. The origin of the name, often wrongly written Kirmāsli̊, which points to a Greek *Κερμαστὴ or *Κρεμαστὴ, is uncertain, nor is it known what ancient town was here. Perhaps the Kremastis in the Troas (cf. Pauly-Wissowa, ii, 743) mentioned in Xenophon, Hist , iv, 8, is to be connected wi…

, the name of two Ottoman statesmen. I. Pertew Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a , Ottoman admiral and wezīr , started his career on the staff of the imperial harem, became ḳapud̲j̲i̊ bas̲h̲i̊ [see Ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊ ], later Ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries, and in 962/1555 he was advanced to the rank of wezīr; in 968/1561 he was appointed third wezīr, in 982/1574 second wezīr and finally commander ( serdār ) of the imperial fleet under the ḳapudan pas̲h̲a Muʾed̲h̲d̲h̲in-zāde ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a. He had fought at the Battle of Lepanto [see aynabak̲h̲ti̊ ]. He later fell into disgrace and died in I…

, modern Turkish Osmancık, the administrative centre of an ilçe or district of the same name in the il or province of Çorum [see čorum ] in northern Anatolia, in the southern part of classical Paphlagonia. It lies on the Halys or Ḳi̊zi̊l I̊rmaḳ [ q.v.] at an important crossing-point of that river by the Tosya-Merzifun road (lat. 40°58′ N., long. 34°50′ E., altitude 430 m/1,310 ft.). ¶ The town is situated in a picturesque position at the foot of a volcanic hill which rises straight out of the plain and is crowned by a castle which formerly commanded the celebrat…

, historien ottoman. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAbdī Pas̲h̲a était originaire d’Anadolu Hiṣâri sur le Bosphore; il fut élevé au Sérāy, et parvint finalement au poste de secrétaire particulier ( sirr kʿâtibi). En muḥarram 1080/juin 1669, il fut appelé à l’office de nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i avec le rang de vizir, et plus tard fut nommé ḳâʾim-maḳâm de la capitale (1089/1678). En avril 1679, il devint gouverneur de Bosnie, et de nouveau nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i l’année suivante; en mars 1681, il est «vizir de la coupole» et en août 1684 gouverneur de Baṣra (cf. Hammer-Purgstall, VI, 379). Destitué…

, secrétaire d’État chargé de la ṭug̲h̲ra [ q.v.] du sultan ottoman chancelier. Déjà les Sald̲j̲ūḳides et les Mamlūks avaient des fonctionnaires spéciaux pour l’apposition de ce qu’on appelait la ṭug̲h̲ra, c’est-à-dire du seing du sultan. Comme l’organisation de leur chancellerie passa aux Ottomans presque dans tous ses détails, il en résulte qu’ils conservèrent également cet emploi. On en nommait ¶ le détenteur nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊; il avait un rang égal à celui des dejterdārs [ q.v.], il avait même le pas sur eux, car des dejterdārs furent bien nommés aux fonctions de nis̲h̲ānd̲j̲i̊, mais…

, alb. Vlora, Valona, ville de l’Albanie méridionale [voir Arnawutluḳ]. Awlonya, appelée habituellement Valona, est aujourd’hui une ville d’environ 10 000 habitants. Elle se trouve sur la baie du même nom, et à environ 4 km. du port. Elle a joué un rôle important dans l’antiquité, sous le nom d’Aulon (de là Avlona). Sur son histoire au moyen âge, voir Konst. Jireček, Valona im Mittelalter, dans Ludwig v. Thallóczy, Illyrisch-albanische Forschungen, I, Munich et Leipzig 1916, 168-87. En juin 1417, les armées ottomanes pénétrèrent sur le territoire de Valona et occu…

, grand-vizir et poète ottoman né en 1065 ou 66/1655-6 à Istanbul, dans le faubourg d’Eyyūb. Fils d’un nommé Ḥasan Ag̲h̲a, il entra comme stagiaire ( s̲h̲āgird) à la chancellerie du Reʾīs Efendi et, grâce à ses relations avec le poète Yūsuf Nābī [ q.v.], il fut nommé maṣraf kātibi (secrétaire aux dépenses du palais). En 1095/1684, grâce à l’influence de son protecteur, Muṣṭafā Pas̲h̲a, qui venait d’être nommé ḳapudān pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], il fut promu dīwān efendi, c’est-à-dire chancelier de l’Amirauté. Il participa aux voyages et aux campagnes (contre Chios) de son chef, fit…

(Kesteli, Kestelli), Muṣliḥ al-dīn Muṣṭafā, théologien et juriste ḥanafite ottoman (m. 901/1495-6). Il naquit dans un village proche de Bursa, Kestel (latin Castellum), où il construisit une mosquée au cours de sa carrière, et c’est de ce village que vient sa nisba de Kestel(l)ī, ou, plus pompeusement, Ḳasṭallānī. Il fit ses études à Bursa sous la direction du célèbre savant Ḵh̲iḍr Beg [ q.v.], müdarris à la madrasa du sultan; après avoir achevé sa formation juridique et théologique, il devint lui-même professeur à Mudurnu, à la madrasa Urud̲j̲ Pas̲h̲a de Dimetoka (Demotica) puis…

, (nom turc de Pátrai, Patras), quatrième grande ville de la Grèce continentale, et la plus grande de la péninsule de Morée, située sur le golfe du même nom, à l’Ouest de l’entrée du golfe de Corinthe (turc: Kordos [ q.v.]), capitale du nome d’Achaïe, siège d’un évêché. Elle avait environ 85 000 habitants en 1951. Le nom Baliabadra vient de παλαιαὶ Πάτραι ou plutôt παλαιἀ Πάτρα (Patra est même de nos jours le nom de la ville dans la conversation), c’est-à-dire le Vieux Pátra(i), apparemment parce que depuis le XIVe siècle, le Nouveau Pátra(i) désignait la forteresse sous la protectio…

, poète et mystique ottoman. S̲h̲ams al-dīn Meḥmed, connu sous les noms de Miṣrī Efendi, S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Miṣrī, et le mak̲h̲laṣ Niyāzī, est originaire d’Aspūzī, l’ancienne résidence d’été de Malaṭya (cf. Ewliyā Čelebi, IV, 15; voir Moltke, Reisebriefe, 349), où son père était un derviche naḳs̲h̲bandī. Il naquit en 1027/1617-18. L’indication qu’on trouve çà et là, d’après laquelle il serait né à Sog̲h̲anli̊, n’est pas exacte. Son père lui enseigna la doctrine de sa confrérie; il se rendit ensuite à Diyārbekr en 1048/1638, plus tard, à Mārdīn, où il étudia trois ans…

, famille de petits princes anatoliens. L’histoire la plus ancienne des Ramaḍān-Og̲h̲ullari̊ est, comme celle de la plupart des petits begs ( mülūk-i tewāʾif) environnée d’obscurité. D’après la tradition, cette famille de Türkmènes vint à l’époque d’Ertog̲h̲rul de l’Asie Centrale en Anatolie et elle s’y fixa dans la région d’Adana où elle fonda son pouvoir. Son domaine comprenait les districts d’Adana, Sīs, Ayās, une partie du domaine des ¶ Türkmènes de Warsaḳ, Tarsūs, etc. On place dans les années 780-819/1379-1416 le règne du plus ancien prince connu de cette d…